Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team

Selected Extracts from the Memoirs of Samuel Jarniewski

2011-09-02T10:53:00.000-07:00

A Jewish Prisoner of War

Biala Podlaska & Konska – Wola & Budzyn

Part 1

Samuel Jarniewski (right) a Jew who served in the Polish Army

Samuel Jarniewski a Jew served in the Polish Army, and on the 11 September 1939, he was captured near Lomsha, eastern Poland. After long periods in a number of prisoner of war camps, Stalag 1 A near Konigsberg, Lablaken in Libau and Stalag 2b at Hammerstein, West Prussia. In late October 1940 Samuel and his fellow prisoners were sent to a Jewish camp at Biala- Podlaska and this is where we join this account.Jewish Camp Biala- PodlaskaWe arrived at Biala – Podlaska at the end of October 1940 late in the evening. With great fear we waited for the reception and what would come. When we saw the SS men dressed in black watching us after taking over the transport, we were very sad. After a half an hour march we arrived at the camp. When we saw the sign at the camp, “Jewish Camp in Biala- Podlaska,” we realised the big lie that we had been told at Stalag 1A. We were put behind a fence again, but this time on the other side were SS men and their paid Ukrainian murderers.

When we entered the living blocks that had been chosen for us, we met there the old inhabitants of the camp who were civilian Jews from Poland. We found these people in an indescribable state; barefoot, badly clothed and starving.Immediately I saw the picture of what was waiting for us in the future. Millions of flies prevented us from resting after the long journey. We also got to know the cruel reality of what had happened here in the gouvernment and with the Jewish people during the one year of my absence. I also learned that we were to replace the old people of the camp who had no strength anymore for the hard work of constructing an airfield in Biala- Podlaska. In the early morning of the following day we were ordered to work. When the building managers of the airfield saw us, they were very happy to receive new workers.

Samuel Jarniewski

Most of the building managers were soldiers of the Air Force and cannot say that they treated us badly.

After their intervention, the living blocks were disinfected, and after one case of very bad treatment on the march from work, we were fetched and brought back in from the camp under the guard of the Air Force. Many of our comrades escaped to the River Bug in order to reach their homes but several of my comrades and I received warnings in letters from our families not to come home in this illegal way. There was also the possibility of leaving the camp in order to become a member of the Jewish civilian government (Judenrat), but I advised my fiends not to and made the decision never to leave the camp. It was better to be a prisoner of war in the camp than to bear the fate of the civilian Jewish people. And so I went daily to my work on the airfield and did my best not to go hungry. I waited patiently for what was to come. Every day we grew fewer and fewer in numbers, partly by leaving and partly by escape.

I received letters from home and from countrymen that were in the Judenrat. One day at the end of December some of us became ill from typhus and by order of the military doctor, the camp was sealed off. The illness became an epidemic and soon many of us were ill and went into the sick room. Conditions in the sick room were unbearable and we were two, sometimes three to a bed.The nursing was good but we had nothing with which to recover, no tea, or other beverages that were necessary for this dangerous illness. Before my illness I received some money from my friends and with this money I bought some bottles of red wine that were the only refreshments I had during my illness.I also separated myself from my comrades who had been lying in the bed with me. Although the cases of death were small in comparison to those from the treatment and conditions after the illness, the sickness was a hard one. It was months until I was healthy again. Five hundred people got sick in the course of the winter.

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Holocaust accomplices - Trials

2011-05-28T04:07:00.000-07:00

Nikolay Malagon – Interrogation Statement

18 March 1978 City of Zaporozh’ye

Malagon file

Justice Litwinenko – Senior Investigator of the Procuratorate of the Zaporozh’ye Region.

Witness – Nikolay, Petrovich Malagon

Born 1919 native and resident of the village of Novo- Petrovka, Berdyansk District, Zaporozh’ye Region.

Citizen of USSR , Ukrainian manual worker, married. The interrogation started at 3.30am. Before the interrogation started the witness declared that he knows the Russian language well and wishes to testify in Russian.

The witness gave the following elucidations to the questions asked; In February 1941 I was called up for active service in the Soviet Army by the Berdyansk district military committee.

When the Great Patriotic war began I was with my unit in the Cherkassy city area and subsequently we were transferred to the Kiev city area, where I took part in the defence of the capital of the Ukraine.

In August 1941, in the area of the village of Borshchigovka, I was wounded in the head and together with other soldiers of our unit fell a prisoner to the Germans.

At first I was held in the Prisoner of War camp in the city of Zhitomir, then was transferred to a camp in the city of Rovno. A day later we were loaded into railroad cars and transferred to the Prisoners of War camp near the city of Chelm on Polish territory.

About two months after our arrival, about October – November 1941we were aligned near the barracks and a man in civilian clothes, who he was I do not know, but he had no stripes on his sleeves, started to pick out prisoners to be sent to work projects.

At that time he did not tell us where precisely and what type of work would have to be done by the prisoners selected. This man selected in all about 60-70 men from among the prisoners at his discretion and we were transported in three trucks to the camp of Trawniki.

In the Trawniki camp, four companies consisting of prisoners of war were formed, with about 100 men in each, but I do not remember the exact number at present. Three companies consisted of prisoners of war of Ukrainian nationality, one of young Russians.

Read more here: http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ar/Trawniki/MalagonInterrogation%20Statement%20.html

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What the Allies knew about Auschwitz and Treblinka

2011-04-19T11:22:00.000-07:00

Allied Reports

Auschwitz and Treblinka

This report is an exact transcription of the letter provided by J.Linton to the Jewish Agency for Palestine in 1944, no corrections or edits have been made to the original text.

The Jewish Agency For Palestine

77 Great Russell Street

London

WC1

18^th August 1944

Drawing of Auschwitz 1944

(click text to enlarge)

Dear Mr. Millard,

As arranged on the telephone this afternoon I enclose herewith plans and descriptions of the two death camps – at Auschwitz (Oswiecim) and Treblinka (Trzebinia), which I have just received from the Polish Ministry of the Interior.

Yours sincerely,

J. Linton

Enclosures :

Auschwitz Drawing and Treblinka Report 1944

Treblinka

Treblinka A is for Poles who committed offences against the occupation army by not delivering the imposed quota of agricultural products or were caught smuggling. The discipline is very severe – the prisoners are being shot under the smallest pretext. The fame of this camp is established as well as that of Auschwitz / Oswiecim.

In March 1942, the Germans have started the building of a new camp- Treblinka B, near Treblinka A. This camp was designated as a concentration camp for Polish Jews and for Jews from other European countries. On the building were employed Poles from the neighbouring camp and Jews, caught in the small towns in the vicinity. The camp was completed at the end of April, when also was built the centre point of the camp – the death house.

The new camp – Treblinka B is situated on sandy hills among brush-wood. The area of the camp is comparatively small. It is about 5,000 hect. The camp is surrounded by a green fence interwoven with barbed wire entanglements.

Part of the fence runs through a young forest in the north. At the four corners of the camp, observation points were placed for the Lagerschutz (camp guard). The Lagerschutz consists mostly of Ukrainians armed with machine guns. At the observation points strong searchlights have been placed to light the entire place at night. Observation posts are also set in the middle of the camp and on the hills in the woodlands.

The western border of Treblinka B is formed by the rail embankment along which runs a side-track that connects the camp with the main railroad line. The side-line was constructed in recent months, in order that the trains of transports might be delivered directly to the slaughter-house.

The northern border of the camp is formed by the forest; east and south the border cuts through sandy hills. In the area of the camp, bushes form a long stretch parallel to the railroad tracks starting in the north.

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Escape from Sobibor!

2011-03-21T16:12:00.000-07:00

Alexander Pechersky on the Revolt and Escape

From the Sobibor Death Camp

In his own words...

Reunion of Sobibor survivors Alexander Pechersky (third from the left)

Alexander Pechersky was born on the 22 February 1909 in Kremenchuk, in the Ukraine. A lieutenant in the Red Army, he became a Prisoner of War in October 1941.

* Read more about Alexander Pechersky [here]

After trying to escape in May 1942, he was taken to Borisov, where a medical examination exposed him as being of Jewish extraction. He was sent to Sobibor death camp on the 22 September 1943 as a Jewish POW, along with some other soldiers and approximately 2,000 Jews from Minsk.

He was among eighty men selected by Hubert Gomerski for carpentry work, all the others on their transport were immediately taken to the gas chambers by Karl Frenzel.

Only twenty-two days later he managed to lead – together with Leon Feldhendler, a Polish Jew - the revolt on the 14 October 1943. Another four days later he and a group of his Soviet comrades succeeded in crossing the River Bug and joining the partisan bands – which later became part of the regular Soviet army.

Leon Feldhendler

He spent a short period in hospital in 1944. He never received any commendations for his heroic deeds, quite the contrary, the Soviet authorities regarded anyone who had worked either in Germany or for the Germans as a traitor, and he ended up instead with a prison sentence of several months.

Pechersky outlined his thinking in planning the revolt at the death camp:

My aim was first to kill the fascists who had already murdered so many Jews at Sobibor. Maybe that would allow only ten or fifteen of us to make a run for freedom, so that we could tell the world the truth.

To be honest I was not really all that confident about my plan, but I never mentioned that to the members of the committee, I wanted them to feel they were not powerless, and that we could indeed stage a revolt and escape.

For some time I discussed the plan only with my friend Leitman. I knew him as a quiet, strong and intelligent man. After giving it a lot of thought, we decided to present the plan, which had been worked out in detail, to Feldhendler and a few members of the committee.

I imposed one condition, that if we were to go ahead and execute the plan, killing the SS officers would be done only by men appointed by myself. I wanted them to be eliminated by teams of two, with a Soviet soldier in charge.

The reason was that I knew the characters of my men, I was well aware that if anyone should waver at the last minute, or even one hand should tremble, the entire revolt could fail. A single scream would be enough to cause hysteria; after that, restoring calm at the camp would be impossible.

Alexander Pechersky model of the Sobibor Death Camp

I also imposed one other condition, “I will take your opinions into account, but I will have the final say. If I say this is how it will be done, then that is the way it will be done.

Pechersky described after the war what happened in Camp I after the roll-call signal was given:

People came streaming from all sides. We had previously selected seventy men, nearly all of them Soviet Prisoners of War, whose task it was to attack the armoury. That was why they were in the forefront of the column.

But all the others, who had only suspected that something was being arranged but didn’t know when and how, now found out at the last minute, they began to push and jostle forward, fearing they might be left behind, in this disorderly fashion we reached the gate of Camp I.

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Battle for the Warsaw Ghetto

2011-03-10T10:33:00.000-08:00

Battle for the Warsaw Ghetto

Report from the Jewish Workers Underground Movement

22 June 1943

What follows is an excerpt from a report by the Jewish Labour Underground of Poland, which reached the American representatives of the General Jewish Workers Union of Poland – the Bund – through underground channels via London. It is dated 22 June 1943.

Pre war photo of the Jewish Workers Movement

A characteristic trait of this new extermination campaign waged by the Germans against the Jews is armed resistance on the part of the Jews. During the previous wave of extermination such acts of armed resistance were seldom dared. Once in a while we would receive word about such desperate deeds from one small town or another. Now the entire situation has changed radically. The leading role is being played by the Ghetto of Warsaw.

The first clashes on the streets of the Warsaw Ghetto occurred from 19 until 23 January 1943. That was the beginning of the battle between the armed German Police, SS men and the Jewish Armed Resistance Organisation, which made its first appearance at that time. The January clashes were an embarrassing surprise for the Germans, and were very promising for the future – a prelude of events to come.

Unfortunately lack of space prevents us from describing the historic events that occurred in the Warsaw Ghetto after the January clashes with the precision and esteem that even the smallest detail deserves. This must and shall be done at some future date.

The fight between the Jews and Germans in April and May 1943, that which has been termed the “Battle of Ghettograd” (Ghettograd – reminiscent of the stubbornness of Stalingrad), eclipses everything that has ever occurred in the annals of the Jews or any other people. The methods and means of the fighting, forced on the belligerents by the special circumstances in the Ghetto, varied in accordance with the various phases of the Battle.

The heart-breaking picture of the Ghetto in flames – shrouded in smoke, the noise of machine guns, cannons, field artillery, mine explosions, the destruction of blocks of buildings, the hell that was unleashed on our people – will forever remain in our memory. No man of letters, no painter will ever be able to recreate the greatness of the events we witnessed, nor the emotions that overwhelmed us during those tragic and historic days.

SWIT members (Polish Underground Radio

The Battle that began on 19 April lasted about a month, however, even at the end of May there was still some resistance.

The backbone of the entire battle was the Jewish Armed Resistance Organisation, which led the people into the fight. The organisation is the armed body of the Co-ordinating Committee, which comprises an equal number of representatives of the Bund and the Jewish National Committee. Neither the Revisionists (a Zionist Group), nor the Agudah (religious Jews) belonged to the Jewish Armed Resistance Organisation.

The Revisionists organised a small “Organisation for vengeance,” of their own which ceased to exist after the second day of the Battle. Workers and youth formed the majority in the Jewish Armed Resistance Organisation. The youngest was Lusiek, thirteen years of age, a member of the Bund youth group, Skif the oldest member of the organisation was forty.

All the members of the resistance organisation were idealists, adherents of various political trends. Their fraternity in battle (Bundists, Chalucym, Shomrim and others) was exemplary. The general attitude of the inhabitants of the Ghetto towards the idea of resisting the Nazis changed radically from what it was a year ago.

It would be wrong and unjust to presume that the heroic spirit and determination of the defenders of the Ghetto was but a result of despair. Many a fighter had ample opportunity to rescue himself by leaving the Ghetto. However, the fighters were full of a noble sense of duty, a soldier’s duty, of a powerful desire to carry on the fight for honour, for human dignity.

They were anxious to take revenge on Fascism, on the enemy of their people, on the enemy of mankind. The precautions of the Germans bordered on cowardice. The prolonged heroic resistance of the Ghetto banished the legend of the invincibility of the German Army, showed the Polish nation its vast possibilities in resisting the Nazis and strengthened its self-reliance. The “Jewish – German War” lent strength to the splendid spirit of resistance against the Germans, with which the Polish Underground had already been marked.

Being perfectly aware of this situation, the Germans gave vent to their rage and fury by turning the entire Ghetto into one mass of ruins. On the fifth day of the Battle, the Jewish Armed Resistance Organisation published a manifesto addressed to the Polish Underground, and to the inhabitants of our capital, conveying greetings from the Jewish Underground fighters.

German soldiers shelling the Warsaw ghetto

Various sectors of the Polish Underground Labour Movement immediately responded with messages of solidarity and admiration. On the whole, the attitude of the Polish Underground towards the Battle of the Warsaw Ghetto was marked with respect for the fighters and with esteem for their daring.

However, this attitude varied in accordance with the different viewpoints on the Jewish problem of the various parts of the Polish Underground. The capital city of Poland, as well as the entire country, seethed with excitement because of the Battle of the Ghetto.

During the Battle the Co-ordinating Committee of the Bund and the Jewish National Committee issued daily communiqués on the Battle, which appeared in Polish clandestine publications and were broadcast abroad by the Polish clandestine radio station Swit.

The result of the Battle was: several thousand Jews were killed, burnt alive, suffocated by gas and about twenty-five thousand were deported to the concentration camps of Trawniki, Poniatow, Majdanek and Lublin.

Only the ruins of buildings, destroyed by mines, cannons and fires remain where the Ghetto once stood. The Warsaw Ghetto is now one big cemetery. Somewhere in the catacombs hundreds and perhaps thousands of those who survived the battle are still living in agony.

Only two days ago, for example, a thirteen – year old boy appeared from this subterranean world with a message dated 10 June, informing us about “life” in the modern catacombs. The entire bombardment of Warsaw in 1939 caused the destruction of 75,000 homes, while the present Battle of the Warsaw Ghetto ended with the destruction of one hundred and several thousand homes.

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5 year anniversary of the Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team

2011-02-11T08:44:00.000-08:00

Essays & Editorials [home]

The Department of History, University of Northampton & The Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team

1825 Days with H.E.A.R.T

The five year anniversary of the Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team

Guest Publication by

Dr. Martin Friedhaus

At the risk of appearing to talk nonsense, I tell you that the Nazi movement will go on for 1,000 years! . . . Don’t forget how people laughed at me, 15 years ago, when I declared that one day I would govern Germany. They laugh now, just as foolishly, when I declare that I shall remain in power!

- Adolf Hitler to a British correspondent in Berlin, June 1934

Dr. Martin Friedhaus

Less than twelve years after Hitler made that statement, National Socialism as a governing power ceased to exist. On May 8, 1945, the World War II Allies formally accepted the unconditional surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany and the end of Adolf Hitler's Third Reich.

At the risk of "speaking nonsense" it is important to remember that many in the early 1920's, did in fact laugh at Hitler. Detractors of National Socialism considered the Nazi's a fringe party, and in many circles they were a running joke, –yet just five years later Adolf Hitler was the new Chancellor of Germany!

Many of the leading socialist newspapers of the time, especially the Munich Post. specifically aimed its attention to Hitler. Their open opposition against Him lasted a dozen years, and “produced some of the sharpest, most penetrating insights into his character, his mind and method, then or since.”

These journalists were the first to focus sustained critical attention on Hitler, from the very first moment he emerged from the beer-hall backrooms to take to the streets of Munich in the early 1920s.

The Post continued to attack Hitler until March 9, 1933, when the Nazis banned the last opposition papers still publishing. In all parts of Germany, including Chemnitz, Muenster, Magdeburg, and Munich, all Socialist newspapers’ buildings were taken over. The Munich Post offices were turned over to an SA squad to pillage. They gutted it completely, dumping trays of broken type onto the streets. Furniture was thrown out the windows, and copies of the newspaper were again burned in the middle of the street.

Although the police witnessed this destruction, they “simply stood by in the street and looked on while the SA wrecked the offices.” The writers and editors were dragged away to imprisonment in concentration camps. That was the end of the Munich Post... Its battle against Hitler and the Nazis had been lost.

Despite victory over their opponents, the Nazi Party control over Germany and occupied Europe would only last for twelve years, about as long as the Munich Posts opposition has lasted, a far cry from the thousand year Reich proclaimed by Hitler. This makes it easy for us to shrug off his boast as the ravings of a lunatic despot. Yet the impact of those twelve years, the cost in humanity, the destruction of Europe, and the ensuing new world order, will most assuredly be studied for a millennia.

With the benefit of hindsight we see that Hitler's boast may not have been so far off target.

It estimated that World War II claimed approximately 62 million lives, with 11 million deaths being attributed to the Holocaust and of those; 5-6 million are approximated to be Jews.

The aftermath of the Holocaust had a profound effect on society in both Europe and the rest of the world. Its impact could be felt in theological discussions, artistic and cultural pursuits and political decisions. The fate of displaced persons and Holocaust survivors was a major issue, one which eventually led to the establishment of Israel by Jewish survivors.

Decades after, on November 1, 2005, the United Nations General Assembly voted to designate January 27 as the "International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust." January 27, 1945 is the day that the former Nazi concentration and extermination camp of Auschwitz-Birkenau was liberated.

As this generational transition is taking place, the demand for Holocaust-related courses at colleges and universities in the United States has grown dramatically, increasing the need for programs to assist faculty in many academic disciplines to teach the subject more effectively. In addition, vast quantities of written material from previously inaccessible archival repositories and private collections have been identified in Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, Western Europe and the United States

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This document represents testimony of Moses Feigenberg

2011-02-01T12:15:00.000-08:00

The Testimony of Mosche (Moses) Feigenberg

Testimony 2

This document represents testimony of Moses Feigenberg made

as a deposition for the trial of Martin Weiss and other SS men in Germany in 1960

Translation from original German May 2001

[photos added to enhance the text]

Mosche Feigenberg

Testimony of Mosche Feigenberg

First name of the father: Hirsch

Address: Tel-Aviv, Sderot Ben-Zion 23, phone 26611

working place: Hospital Beer-Jaakow

Year of birth: 1909

Place of Birth: District Wilna

Profession: Urological Doctor

Family: married

Religion: Jewish

01.17.60, 5 pm in the apartment of the witness

Interrogator: 180 Sergeant Meir Warschawski

Through the force of article 2 (1) of the criminal-process-order I have written down the testimony of Mosche Feigenberg.

Meir Waschawski 180 Sergeant

I lived in the city of Wilna at the beginning of WW2 and I worked as doctor for urinary illnesses. I have lived in this city about 40 years until my emigration to Israel.

In September of 1941 my family and I were forced to live in the ghetto together with all Wilna Jews. I worked at the Jewish hospital in the ghetto but also as worker outside the ghetto where I cleaned railroads and chopped wood at a place called Sorok Tatari.

One week before the liquidation of the Wilna ghetto in September of 1943 the Nazi administration sent about 1500 Jews from the ghetto into a working camp called HKP and about 1500 Jews in another working camp called Kailis. My family and I came into the HKP camp but the Nazis liquidated both camps at the beginning of July 1944. The liquidation was carried out under the command of the SS and the SD. That happened two weeks before the liberation of the city through the Red Army.

Post war photo of where the HKP camp stood in Vilna

I want to remark that the two camps were located close to the city and that I worked as a Doctor in both of them. I had the opportunity to see all the actions the Gestapo and the SS carried out against the Jewish population, often with the help of the Lithuanian police. I was also there during the children's liquidation action on March 27th 1944.

I see eleven pictures in front of me (the witness examines 11 pictures that were sent here from Ludwigsburg, the witness takes the picture of Heinrich Schmitz's face). This picture reminds me of the man whose name I found out later was Heinrich Schmitz. About October 1943 a Jewish family composed of father, mother and a twelve years old daughter was caught when they tried to escape. They were brought back to the camp and hung in front of the public.

The whole camp population was ordered to see the execution. I remember that when the cord around the man's neck tore, he fell down still alive. He was crying and beseeched the SS man to let him alive. But this man didn't have mercy and he shot him instantly with his revolver.

The picture of Heinrich Schmitz that I see know corresponds with the identity of the man who shot the hung man. I remember that the SS man's face was handsome and fine, it was like the face of an actor. About around the time of this incident I often heard at the HKP camp administration that the SS man who was responsible for the Jews was called also Schmitz. He himself was responsible for all kinds of actions against the Jews. I myself saw him shooting the fallen down man.

Martin Weiss

He looks very much alike the picture of the Heinrich Schmitz that I see now. On march 27th 1944 when I was in the HKP camp I saw the liquidation action against Jewish children that was carried out by SS and SD under the personal leadership of Martin Weiss.

The goal of this action was the final and absolute liquidation of all children in the camp. The scared Jews began to hide their children in different hideouts, for example in stoves, in toilets, in barrels and under beds. But the Gestapo carried out a very exact examination of all homes. With the help of axes and hammers they searched the walls and got many children. They brought them all into the backyards to load them on big cars.

The number of children that the Nazis brought out of the camp to send them to an unknown location was about 250. They never came back again. We were lucky enough to hide about a dozen children. I myself brought eight kids into a hideout that I prepared, including my own twelve years old daughter whom I hid in a potato sack. Six out of the eight kids I saved during the liquidation action were brought later also to unknown locations.

I as the camp doctor had the right to walk in the backyards and so I was able to see the whole details of the action. I remember a woman called Zukowska who didn't want to separate herself from her daughter. She was lead away some meters from the backyard and shot personally by Martin Weiss. Of all the pictures here I recognize also the one that shows Max Gross whom I saw often in the ghetto as well as in the HKP camp. He participated each Sunday in the count of the forced workers during the roll call. He also participated in the children action like many other Gestapo and SS men.

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Holocaust Ghettos - Przemysl

2011-01-09T07:52:00.000-08:00

Learn about the Przemysl ghetto and it's fate during the Holocaust!

Przemysl

Pre-War panorama of Przemysl & Zasanie

Przemysl is a city in Poland, situated on the San River, in the Lvov district, Eastern Galicia and before the Second World War approximately 24,000 Jews lived in Przemysl.

The Germans bombed Przemysl on 7 September 1939 and the following day the bombing continued setting fire to the shopping centre Pasaz Gansa.

Many of Przemysl inhabitants fled the city, to escape the bombings, and the Germans entered the city for the first time on 15 September 1939, approximately 20, 000 Jews lived in Przemysl, including refugees from western Poland.

Read the full article here: /www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ghettos/przemysl.html

At the Holocaust Research Project

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Copyright Carmelo Lisciotto H.E.A.R.T 2011

The Heart of Nazism, Munich

2010-12-07T15:58:00.000-08:00

Munich

The city at the heart of Nazism

Marketplace in Munich (circa 1650)

Munich the capital of the German state of Bavaria, which is in Southern Germany, was the home of the Nazi movement and the site of the model concentration camp at Dachau.

Jews were living in Munich at the beginning of the thirteenth century, but they were expelled in 1442, and by 1790 there were only 127 Jews living in Munich.

A fundamental change for the Jewish life occurred on June 10th, 1813, the “Jews edict” was passed, which allowed Jews to acquire citizenship and estates. In 1826 a Synagogue was opened, and in 1848 the Jews gained the right to vote and to be elected for public office.

In 1880 the pogroms in Russia resulted in an influx of eastern Jews to Munich, and opened up lucrative businesses in leather goods and fur trading. In 1892, the Ohel Jakob synagogue was opened, which seated 1000 men and 800 women. This was the 3rd largest synagogue in Germany.

By 1933, 9005 Jews were living in Munich which was 1.2 percent of the total population of the city. Munich’s Jews played a prominent role in its economic, social and cultural life, and took part in multi-faceted Jewish religious and communal activities.

The central offices of many Jewish national institutions were located there, and a Zionist weekly and the official organ of the Union of Jewish Communities in Bavaria were published in the city.

Kurt Eisner

As the First World War drew to an end, anti-Semitic incidents became increasingly frequent. From November 1918 to February 1919 a Soviet – style revolutionary government held power in Bavaria, headed by Kurt Eisner and including several other prominent Jews.

As a result, an anti-Semitic wave set in, and attacks were launched on Jews throughout the city, especially those of Eastern European origin. On the 23 April 1920, Bavarian prime minister Ritter von Kahr issued an order for the expulsion of the Jews and it took much effort to prevent this order from being carried out.

Hitler and the Nazi Party

The precursor to the NSDAP was the Deutscher Arbeiterpartei (DAP - German Workers Party) was founded in the hotel Fürstenfelder Hof in Munich on 5 January 1919. When the Party reorganized as the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter Partei (NSDAP - National Socialist German Workers Party), it had offices in the Sterneckerbräu brewery at Tal 54, near the city center.

Having recently overcome temporary blindness resulting from exposure to mustard gas during the war, Hitler made his way back to Munich in the summer of 1919 and was assigned by the Reichswehr to "educational" duties which consisted largely of spying on political parties in the overheated atmosphere of post-revolutionary Munich.

Crowd photo and close-up of Adolf Hitler in Munich 1914

Hitler was sent to investigate a small nationalistic group of idealists, the German Workers' Party. On 16 September 1919 he entered the Party (which had approximately forty members), soon changed its name to the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) and had imposed himself as its Chairman by July 1921.

The official Party platform was formulated on 24 February 1920, and Adolf Hitler outlined the Party program to the public in the famous Hofbräuhaus beer hall that same evening.Hitler focused his propaganda against the Versailles Treaty, the "November criminals," the Marxists and the visible, internal enemy No. 1, the "Jew," who was responsible for all Germany's domestic problems.

In the twenty-five-point programme of the NSDAP the exclusion of the Jews from the Volk community, the myth of Aryan race supremacy and extreme nationalism were combined with "socialistic" ideas of profit-sharing and nationalization inspired by ideologues like Gottfried Feder.

Hitler's first written utterance on political questions dating from this period emphasized that what he called "the anti-Semitism of reason" must lead "to the systematic combating and elimination of Jewish privileges. Its ultimate goal must implacably be the total removal of the Jews."

The Munich Putsch

The Munich Sterneckerbrau in 1921

The Bavarian government defied the Weimar Republic, accusing it of being too far left. Hitler personally endorsed the fall of the Weimar Republic, and declared at a public rally on October 30, 1923 that he was prepared to march on Berlin to rid the government of the Communists and the Jews.

On November 8, 1923, Hitler held a rally at a Munich beer hall and proclaimed a revolution. The following day, he led 2,000 armed "brown-shirts" in an attempt to take over the Bavarian government. The small Nazi Party first won national attention in the Beer Hall Putsch of November 1923, when the Ruhr crisis and the great inflation were at their height. Hitler and his Nazis joined with General Erich Ludendorff (1865-1937) and his conservative nationalist followers in an attempt to seize power in Munich. (The plot got its name because it was planned in one of Munich's beer halls.)

The Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team

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The Jager Report

2010-11-08T07:28:00.000-08:00

Einsatzgruppen A

Mass Murder of Lithuanian Jewry - Karl Jäger Report

[photo added to enhance the text]

Karl Jäger

The Commander of the Security Police and the SD Einsatzkommando 3
Kauen [Kaunas, Kovno]
1 December 1941

====================
Secret Reich Business
====================

5 copies
------------- 4th copy -------------

Complete list of executions carried out in the EK 3 area up to 1 December 1941.

Security police duties in Lithuania taken over by Einsatzkommando 3 on 2 July 1941. (The Wilna [Vilnius] area was taken over by EK 3 on 9 Aug. 1941, the Schaulen area on 2 Oct. 1941. Up until these dates EK 9 operated in Wilna and EK 2 in Schaulen.) On my instructions and orders the following executions were conducted by Lithuanian partisans:

Date* Location Totals
4.7.41 Kauen-Fort VII 416 Jews, 47 Jewesses 463
6.7.41 Kauen-Fort VII Jews 2,514

Following the formation of a raiding squad under the command of SS-Obersturmfuhrer Hamman and 8-10 reliable men from the Einsatzkommando the following actions were conducted in cooperation with Lithuanian partisans:

Jews are led to the site of their execution by Lithuanian militiamen

[ * Date is European format: Day.Month.Year] Date* Location Totals
7.7.41 Mariampole 32 Jews 32
8.7.41 Mariampole 14 Jews, 5 Comm. officials 19
8.7.41 Girkalinei Comm. officials 6
9.7.41 Wendziogala 32 Jews, 2 Jewesses, 1 Lithuanian, (f.), 2 Lithuanian Comm., 1 Russian Comm. 38
9.7.41 Kauen-Fort VII 21 Jews, 3 Jewesses 24
14.7.41 Mariampole 21 Jews, 1 Russ., 9 Lith. Comm. 31
17.7.41 Babtei 8 Comm. officals (inc. 6 Jews) 8
18.7.41 Mariampole 39 Jews, 14 Jewesses 53
19.7.41 Kauen-Fort VII 17 Jews, 2 Jewesses, 4 Lith. Comm., 2 Comm. Lithuanians (f.), 1 German Comm. 26
21.7.41 Panevezys 59 Jews, 11 Jewesses, 1 Lithuanian (f.), 1 Pole, 22 Lith. Comm., 9 Russ. Comm. 103
22.7.41 Panevezys 1 Jew 1
23.7.41 Kedainiai 83 Jews, 12 Jewesses, 14 Russ.Comm., 15 Lith. Comm., 1 Russ. O-Politruk 125
25.7.41 Mariampole 90 Jews, 13 Jewesses 103
28.7.41 Panevezys 234 Jews, 15 Jewesses, 19 Russ. Comm., 20 Lith. Comm. 288
29.7.41 Rasainiai 254 Jews, 3 Lith. Comm. 257
30.7.41 Agriogala 27 Jews, 11 Lith. Comm. 38
31.7.41 Utena 235 Jews, 16 Jewesses, 4 Lith. Comm., 1 robber/murderer 256
31.7.41 Wendziogala 13 Jews, 2 murderers 15
1.8.41 Ukmerge 254 Jews, 42 Jewesses, 1 Pol.Comm., 2 Lith. NKVD agents, 1 mayor of Jonava who gave order to set fire to Jonava 300
2.8.41 Kauen-Fort IV 170 Jews, 1 US Jewess, 33 Jewesses, 4 Lith. Comm. 209
4.8.41 Panevezys 362 Jews, 41 Jewesses, 5 Russ. Comm., 14 Lith. Comm. 422
5.8.41 Rasainiai 213 Jews, 66 Jewesses 279
7.8.41 Uteba 483 Jews, 87 Jewesses, 1 Lithuanian (robber of corpses of German soldiers) 571
8.8.41 Ukmerge 620 Jews, 82 Jewesses 702
9.8.41 Kauen-Fort IV 484 Jews, 50 Jewesses 534
11.8.41 Panevezys 450 Jews, 48 Jewesses, 1 Lith. 1 Russ. 500
13.8.41 Alytus 617 Jews, 100 Jewesses, 1 criminal 719
14.8.41 Jonava 497 Jews, 55 Jewesses 552
15-16.8.41 Rokiskis 3,200 Jews, Jewesses, and Jewish Children, 5 Lith. Comm., 1 Pole, 1 partisan 3207
9-16.8.41 Rassainiai 294 Jewesses, 4 Jewish children 298
27.6-14.8.41 Rokiskis 493 Jews, 432 Russians, 56 Lithuanians (all active communists) 981
18.8.41 Kauen-Fort IV 689 Jews, 402 Jewesses, 1 Pole (female), 711 Jewish intellectuals from Ghetto in reprisal for sabotage action 1,812
19.8.41 Ukmerge 298 Jews, 255 Jewesses, 1 Politruk, 88 Jewish children, 1 Russ. Comm. 645
22.8.41 Dunaburg 3 Russ. Comm., 5 Latvian, incl. 1 murderer, 1 Russ. Guardsman, 3 Poles, 3 gypsies (m.), 1 gypsy (f.), 1 gypsy child, 1 Jew, 1 Jewess, 1 Armenian (m.), 2 Politruks (prison inspection in Dunanburg 21
22.8.41 Aglona Mentally sick: 269 men, 227 women, 48 children 544
23.8.41 Panevezys 1312 Jews, 4602 Jewesses,1609 Jewish children 7,523
18-22.8.41 Kreis Rasainiai 466 Jews,440 Jewesses, 1020 Jewish children 1,926
25.8.41 Obeliai 112 Jews, 627 Jewesses, 421 Jewish children 1,160
25-26.8.41 Seduva 230 Jews, 275 Jewesses, 159 Jewish children 664
26.8.41 Zarasai 767 Jews, 1,113 Jewesses, 1 Lith. Comm., 687 Jewish children, 1 Russ.Comm. (f.) 2,569
Comm., 687 Jewish children, 1 Russ.Comm. (f.)
28.8.41 Pasvalys 402 Jews, 738 Jewesses, 209 Jewish children 1,349
26.8.41 Kaisiadorys All Jews, Jewesses, and Jewish children 1,911
27.8.41 Prienai All Jews, Jewesses, and Jewish Children 1,078
27.8.41 Dagda and Kraslawa 212 Jews, 4 Russ. POW's 216
27.8.41 Joniskia 47 Jews, 165 Jewesses, 143 Jewish children 355
28.8.41 Wilkia 76 Jews, 192 Jewesses, 134 Jewish children 402
28.8.41 Kedainiai 710 Jews, 767 Jewesses, 599 Jewish children 2,076
29.8.41 Rumsiskis and Ziezmariai 20 Jews, 567 Jewesses, 197 Jewish children 784
29.8.41 Utena and Moletai 582 Jews, 1,731 Jewesses, 1,469 Jewish children 3,782
13-31.8.41 Alytus and environs 233 Jews 233
1.9.41 Mariampole 1,763 Jews, 1,812 Jewesses, 1,404 Jewish children, 109 mentally sick, 1 German subject (f.), married to a Jew, 1 Russian (f.) 5090
28.8-2.9.41 Darsuniskis 10 Jews, 69 Jewesses, 20 Jewish children 99

Lithuanian Jews and a German Wehrmacht soldier during the Holocaust in Lithuania. June 24, 1941

Carliava 73 Jews, 113 Jewesses, 61 Jewish children 247
Jonava 112 Jews, 1,200 Jewesses, 244 Jewish children 1,556
Petrasiunai 30 Jews, 72 Jewesses, 23 Jewish children 125
Jesuas 26 Jews, 72 Jewesses, 46 Jewish children 144
Ariogala 207 Jews, 260 Jewesses, 195 Jewish children 662
Jasvainai 86 Jews, 110 Jewesses, 86 Jewish children 282
Babtei 20 Jews, 41 Jewesses, 22 Jewish children 83
Wenziogala 42 Jews, 113 Jewesses, 97 Jewish children 252
Krakes 448 Jews, 476 Jewesses, 97 Jewish children 1,125
4.9.41 Pravenischkis 247 Jews, 6 Jewesses 253
Cekiske 22 Jews, 64 Jewesses, 60 Jewish children 146
Seredsius 6 Jews, 61 Jewesses, 126 Jewish children 193
Velinona 2 Jews, 71 Jewesses, 86 Jewish children 159
Zapiskis 47 Jews, 118 Jewesses, 13 Jewish children 178
5.9.41 Ukmerge 1,23 Jews, 1849 Jewesses, 1737 Jewish children 4,709

Read more here: http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/einsatz/jagerletter.html

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Nazi Propaganda images

2010-11-02T06:57:00.000-07:00

Nazi Propaganda Images - Gallery # 2

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13 Jews Daily, featuring a map showing Jewish refugees flocking over Germany's eastern border 645 X 450 57 KB	A foreign race, the Jew in the Middle Ages had no rights of citizenship 800 X 533 48 KB	A medieval Jewish money lender and modern day brokers on the floor of the stock exchange 635 X 450 73 KB	An illustrated postcard of the lyrics to the Horst Wessel Lied 404 X 640 54 KB

Anothe page from Page from the anti-Semitic German children's book - Trust No Fox in the Green Meadow and No Jew on his Oath 478 X 370 48 KB	Another page from Der Giftpilz 480 X 604 66 KB	Austrian election poster depicting a Nazi flag with a black swastika on a red background 599 X 480 38 KB	Caricature from the antisemitic Viennese magazine Kikeriki 299 X 448 30 KB

Cartoon - The Jew as Race Defiler 480 X 632 88 KB	Cartoon page from Der Sturmer 413 X 450 48 KB	Cover of the anti-Semitic German children's book Der Giftpilz 419 X 640 54 KB	Depiction of Herschel Grynszpan, the Jewish assassin of Ernst vom Roth 480 X 497 54 KB

Read more here: http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/holoprelude/naziprop2gal/index.html

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48 Melnikova - Syrets Camp – Babi Yar

2010-10-18T09:00:00.000-07:00

Yakov Kaper

His Account of Life in Kiev

48 Melnikova - Syrets Camp – Babi Yar

Selected Extracts from the Thorny Road

...Continued from part

Part 4 – Babi Yar Ravine

Kikes of the city of Kiev and vicinity! On Monday, September 29, you are to appear by 08:00 a.m. with your possessions, money, documents, valuables, and warm clothing at Dorogozhitskaya Street, next to the Jewish cemetery. Failure to appear is punishable by death.

Order posted in Kiev in Russian and Ukrainian, on or around September 26, 1941

Before we were sent to Babi Yar we noticed that opposite the exit from the Syrets camp a high fence had appeared. We did not understand what it was covering. As soon as we approached the camp gates we were ordered to take our footwear off. We thought it was our last stop. Here policemen and the Germans were not like those in the camp, they were even worse monsters with awful bandit eyes, but it was all the same for us, we didn’t bother them.

At last the command was given and we went out. We were escorted by two soldiers with automatic guns on both sides even though we did not have far to go. Along the road we found ourselves near an earthen rampart and in the distance I noticed a house or a hut. At the entrance there was a skull with crossbones, but it was not a drawing like on electrical boxes but a real human skull and bones.

It became clear that there was no way back from here. We were led further and we found ourselves in a ravine and inside there was smooth ground. I didn’t understand how they came there in cars but it was evident that this was a road and that some gaswagens had been there.

We were ordered to sit down on the ground, we heard a lot of noise and cries over the precipice. We did not know what was going on, at last a young officer, who I think was one of the bigger bosses appeared. He was yelling louder than anybody else and ordered groups of people in fives to come forward.

The ravine at Babi Yar

So, one of those German bandits went, took five of us and we were led behind the fence that was made of twigs and sticks. We didn’t know what was going on behind that fence. The one thing that calmed us down a little was that no shootings were heard there, which meant that they would not shoot us immediately. If they killed us in a gaswagen, they would have killed us all at the same time.

Soon the same fascist came again and took five more people: I was sitting and did not know what to think. I must say, I didn’t think about much at all since there was, seemingly no options other than death, so whatever would be would be.

At last my turn came, I was led away. As soon as I found myself behind the camouflaged rampart I saw the panorama that I would remember till the last day of my life. The corpses were accurately laid out – later I learned that the furnaces had been prepared to burn the corpses. I cried out, “That’s enough I don’t want to live any longer, shoot me now.”

At that moment the biggest boss, a German ran up to me, later I learned that his name was Topaide, he struck me so hard in the face that he rattled my lower jaw. I could neither cry nor talk. One of the Germans pulled me towards another one who was sitting on a small stool. There were chains and a rail lying there, he put the clamps on my ankles then the chain. He inserted rivets and hammered then on the rail.

I started guessing where we had ended up and what we would be doing, he ordered me to sit there where other chained prisoners were already sitting. My mouth bled and I couldn’t feel my teeth nor move my tongue. I tried to fix my jaw with my hands.

Jews who did not arrive on 29 September at the designated place, as ordered, and were shot

We all were sitting and waiting until all of us were chained and then dinner was announced. All those working stopped their work and came to the place where we were sitting. When all of them were lined up, Topaide ordered the guards to check the chains on the prisoner’s ankles. They were checked three times a day.

Everybody in the line was checked and then we were ordered to get food. There stood thermoses with soup, each prisoner came up and got a slice of bread and a scoop of soup. I couldn’t eat anything. Philip Vilkes came up to me and I gave him my portion. He exclaimed that this is the end and there was no hope anymore.

When dinner was over each went to his work. The newcomers were also assigned to work: I together with ten other prisoners joined the team that was called the outgoing team, though there was no going out there. There where we had seen the camouflaged fence was also a ravine, but it was almost on the road, when the war began people dug an anti-tank trench and in it were the corpses of military men and commanders mainly.

On one side, a furnace was being erected, first they brought stones taken from the Jewish cemetery, the tombstones bore the dates of those buried in the cemetery. Long railway rails were put on those stones, then iron fences also removed from the cemetery and then some logs with a little room in between to let air through when they started burning.

Topaide headed the work of those making the furnaces, he ran from one place to another without a minute’s rest: he quickly gave orders and went on running. The main work was in Babi Yar but he also ran over to us in the anti-tank trench. When everything was ready we were ordered to pull the corpses out and put them on the furnaces. For this special tools were prepared, there was a handle in the form a ring and a rod 50-60 centimetres long with a hook sharpened end.

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Der Sturmer images

2010-10-11T08:52:00.000-07:00

Der Stürmer Gallery

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1935 cartoon of a Jew approaching an Aryan woman 336 X 404 41 KB	a title page for a brochure issued by Der Stuermer 331 X 450 35 KB	Anti Jewish Propaganda 468 X 527 69 KB	Anti-Semitic cartoon from Der Sturmer 800 X 557 103 KB

Caricature on the front page of the Nazi publication, Der Stuermer, depicting the Jew as the devil threatening Mother Europe 421 X 450 43 KB	Der Stuermer depicting the Jew as the inciter of world war. 453 X 450 72 KB	Der Stuermer, depicting a group of Hitler Youth marching forth to drive the forces of evil from the land 419 X 450 57 KB	Der Stuermer, depicting a ritual murder 480 X 640 68 KB

Der Stuermer, depicting the Jew as one who tries to subvert others 413 X 450 48 KB	Der Stuermer, depicting the Jew as the hater of all non-Jews 429 X 450 53 KB	Der Stuermer, depicting the Jew as the instigator of war 347 X 640 51 KB	Der Stuermer, of Herschel Grynszpan, the Jewish assassin of Ernst vom R 435 X 450 51 KB

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Remember Me - Victims of Treblinka

2010-09-20T18:05:00.001-07:00

Treblinka Death Camp

"Remember Me"

Reunion of Treblinka Survivors

The following list shows details of the people who were deported to Treblinka death camp, and were either murdered or survived. The list is not a list of names, but names where generally some details are known, albeit brief.

A limited list of full names, with no biographical details, only will follow in due course:

Glossary

Goldjuden – Literally Gold Jews, a group consisting of former jewellers, bank clerks, and watchmakers whose task was to the gold, currency and other valuables, which were sent to the Reich.

Hofjuden – Court Jews - a group of craftsmen used by the Germans to maintain and improve the camp. Lived separately from the other prisoners in better conditions.

Judenrat – Jewish Council – a form of self-government, but in essence the sole agency with which the Germans would deal with.

Kapo – From the Italian capo – chief-head. A prisoner chosen by the Germans to supervise other prisoners.

Totenlager – Death Camp – the extermination area of Treblinka.

Alphabetical Listing of Treblinka Survivors and Victims

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Reizl Abramowicz

Educated in Korczak’s orphanage. She worked there and was deported to Treblinka together with Korczak, the other staff and the children.

“Dr" Adrian

A member of the camouflage team, expert in speculation

Robert Altschul

Born 24 July 1916 deported from Prague to Terezin, and then onto to Treblinka on the 8 October 1942. Probably died in the uprising on 2 August 1943

Anisfelt

Director of the Jewish Gymnasium in Czestochowa before the war. During the German occupation he was a member of the Judenrat in the Czestochowa ghetto. He was responsible for the Jewish police in the ghetto.

He wrote a diary and shortly before he was deported 4 volumes of his writings were hidden in the ghetto. Sadly after the war nothing was found. He was deported with other members of the Czestochowa Judenrat and the ghetto police force to Treblinka on 4 October 1942.

Czeslaw Augustyniak

Survived the revolt and the war and emigrated to Sweden.

Lilly Bachner

Deported from the Terezin Ghetto on Transport BT-687 to Treblinka in xxxxx 1942

Kurt Bachner

Deported from the Terezin Ghetto on Transport BT-687 to Treblinka in xxxxx 1942

Eugen Back

Born 26 November 1917. Deported from Terezin to Treblinka on the 8 October 1942. Two meters tall, he was known as “Eiffel Tower”. He was shot at the Lazarett.after falling ill with typhus.

Dr. Beck

A prisoner Doctor who worked in the infirmary in the living barracks which was established in the autumn of 1942.

Oskar Berger

Businessman from Czechoslovakia. Moved to Kielce during the early part of the Second World War. Deported to Treblinka with his wife and son in late August 1942, his wife and son were killed on arrival. In September 1942 he escaped from Treblinka hidden in a box-car taking clothing to the Reich. Arrested again he was taken to the Buchenwald Concentration Camp, where he remained till liberation.

Yechiel Berkowicz

Escaped from Treblinka with Abraham Bomba, and Yechezkel Cooperman, after hiding in piles of clothing..

Aaron Berliner

Deported from Czestochowa –, a member of the Judenrat, he worked as a tinsmith after being rescued at the undressing barracks.

Meir Berliner

From Argentina who was visiting Warsaw with his wife and daughter when war broke out. They were sent to Treblinka despite their Argentinean citizenship. The wife and daughter were taken straight to the gas chambers, while Berliner was selected for labour. Berliner stabbed to death SS-Oberscharfuhrer Max Biala on 11 September 1942.

For this piece of heroism he was hacked to death with a shovel by SS- Unterscharfuhrer Miete.

Siegfried Bernstein

Born on the 27 May 1888. A musician from Cottbus in Germany. In April 1942 he was deported to the Warsaw ghetto and from there to Treblinka.

Icchok Bernsztein

A journalist who worked with the biggest daily newspapers in Poland “Hajnt” and “Moment”. He was a literature reviewer and author of biographic studies about famous Jewish writers.

In the Warsaw ghetto he worked with Ringelblum on his archive, and was deported to Treblinka in 1942.

Petr Birnbaum

Born 28 May 1923. Deported from Olomouc to Terezin and from Terezin deported to Treblinka on BU147 on the 8 October 1942.

Moshe Blanket

A friend of Abraham Krzepicki, who arrived in Treblinka, but was unable to be rescued , and Abraham was unable to say goodbye to him.

Adele Blau

Born 18 February 1888 in Vienna. Deported from Vienna to Kielce with her husband Karl. From Kielce deported to Treblinka, committed suicide in Sobibor death camp in 1943.

Karl Blau

Born 15 February 1892 in Vienna. Deported to Kielce on 19 February 1941 with his wife Adele. Blau and his wife were recognised by Commandant Stangl and selected to live, the only husband and wife partnership in Treblinka.

Blau was feared and hated because of his collaboration with the SS, after serving in the Lower Camp, they were transferred to the Upper Camp. Described as corpulent and bandy-legged. Blau was taken to Sobibor death camp to help clear up after the revolt in October 1943, and he and his wife committed suicide there.

Aharon Blaufuks

Born in Warsaw in 1894 a Jewish artist who was deported to Treblinka and murdered in 1942

Zelomir Bloch

A photographer from Slovakia who was deported to Treblinka on a transport from the Polish town of Deblin, following his previous deportation from his native town of Presov.

Bloch had seen military service as he was an officer in the Czech army, prior to the occupation by the Germans. Richard Glazar one of the survivors described him as a “good looking man of medium height with brown hair and a moustache, a strong square face and muscular body”.

At Treblinka he was appointed foreman of the labour detail which sorted out the clothing confiscated from the murdered Jews. One day in March 1943, due to a missing bundle, Zelo was transferred to the Totenlager by SS-Oberscharfuhrer Kuttner. This was a blow to the underground movement in Treblinka, as Zelo played a leading role in the planning of the revolt in Treblinka. Zelo fought in the uprising but died on the 2 August 1943

Efaam Bodnik

From Nowy Dwor and brother of Leibish, one of four people working in the smithy.

Leibish Bodnik

From Nowy Dwor and brother of Efaam, one of four people working in the smithy

Alfred Boehm

From Czestochowa, a childhood friend of Samuel Wilenberg, they lived on Fabryczna Street. German born Alfred moved to Czestochowa as a child in the 1930’s with his Polish born parents and little sister.

Alfred was deported to Treblinka from Czestochowa with his whole family, mother, father and sisters who were murdered on arrival, whilst he was selected to live. Alfred served as an aide to Alfred Galewski, the Jewish Lageraltester, and then was employed in cleaning up the camp.

To achieve this Alfred Boehm pushed a small pram around the German and Ukrainian quarters collecting rubbish from the whitewashed barrels the Germans had provided, which was then taken to the Lazarett and burnt. Alfred was killed on the 2 August 1943 next to him was his upturned pram.

Abraham Bomba

Deported from Czestochowa to Treblinka in September 1942. Worked as a barber in the Upper Camp escaped with Berkowicz and Cooperman, reached Warsaw with help from farmers and from there stayed in hiding in Czestochowa until liberation and was featured in the 1985 film “Shoah” by Claude Lanzmann

Berl Borenstein

From Legionowo

Read the full list here:

http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ar/treblinka/treblinkarememberme.html

The Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team

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Scholars speak about H.E.A.R.T

2010-09-06T12:52:00.000-07:00

The depths of humanity

A comment by Matthew Feldman

Surveying the terrain of Holocaust studies, one might be reminded of Mars: well-charted by specialists, but still little understood by everyone else. As this website makes clear, use of the term ‘everyone else’ excludes those Martians lurking amongst us – particularly online! – Holocaust Deniers and so-called Revisionists. For it is in reminding us that Nazi genocide took place in historically verifiable ways, ways that are documented here, on the web, for all those who care to know more about the Holocaust, that the work of H.E.A.R.T is so important and impressive. But this website, constructed by the Holocaust Education and Research Team, does more than that.

The difficult subject matter you are about to explore is both an exhaustive account of the unprecedented crimes perpetrated by the Nazis and their allies, in addition to an excellent narrative of the profound impact it had on humanity and millions of humans alike.

Before going on, though, it might be worth thinking a moment longer about that analogy to the extraterrestrial. For so often – and for such good reason when you think of babies sent directly to gas chambers at Birkenau, for example – we are inclined to see National Socialism and perpetrators of the Holocaust as inhumane, as acting in ways almost literally inhuman; or at least, as representing a kind of murderous hatred totally foreign to us today. Perhaps this thought is comforting, especially when confronted with the images to follow here.

But is such a picture accurate? Consider the now-infamous deskbound bureaucrat, a new type of mass-murderer exemplified by Adolf Eichmann, one of the unassuming statisticians and managers of Germany’s war effort whose trade was death. Although Eichmann coordinated the dispossession and extermination of Europe’s Jews, when he was finally put on trial in Israel in 1961, he was in no way representative of what the public had expected. Instead of the grizzly monster one had come to expect, Eichmann was normal, even banal, leading Hannah Arendt to coin the phrase the ‘banality of evil’. And in her earlier Origins of Totalitarianism, Arendt cast technocrats like Eichmann as, in many ways, the pinnacle of a long-developing ‘modern’ European society:

When the European mob discovered what a ‘lovely virtue’ a white skin could be in Africa, when the English conqueror in India became an administrator who no longer believed in the universal validity of law, but was convinced of his own innate capacity to rule and dominate, … the stage seemed to be set for all possible horrors. Lying under anybody’s nose were many of the elements which, gathered together, could created a totalitarian government on the basis of racism. ‘administrative massacres’ were proposed by Indian bureaucrats, while African officials declared that ‘no ethical considerations such as rights of man will be allowed to stand in the way’ of the white rule. (Cited in Enzo Traverso, The Origins of Nazi Violence, p.51)

Echoing this startling thought in a different medium, the poem and singer Leonard Cohen’s “All there is to know about Adolph Eichmann” reminds us that all features of this genocidaire, as with so many others, are ‘Medium’. Yet then again, as the final verse asks:

What did you expect?
Talons?
Oversize incisors?
Green saliva?
Madness?

People like Eichmann were human, and indeed, were not all that different from us. Not in the still-recent past, and still less today.

It is here that H.E.A.R.T.’s message of ‘Never Again!’ takes the place of more philosophical, sometimes complacent, notions of a kind of radical difference in the perpetrators – or even toward seemingly passive victims. By detailing the events of the Holocaust, from Jewish resistance and selected reminiscences by survivors, and from the pseudo-scientific ‘euthanasia campaign’ to postwar trials of Nazi criminals like Eichmann, H.E.A.R.T.’s website offers substantial aid in approaching the enormity of the Holocaust.

It also brings us closer, through images and narrative, toward a more realistic – if frightening – view of the Holocaust: ideologically-driven genocide on an industrial scale happened within living memory, and may yet not prove unique to humanity. By knowing more about how this to-date incomparable tragedy occurred through accurate forums like this one, surely the brilliant team at the Holocaust Education and Research Team are right in reminding us that we all have a duty not only to remembering the Holocaust, but to preventing all forms of genocide too.

Dr Matthew Feldman

Senior Lecturer in History
School of Social Sciences
University of Northampton, NN2 7AL
Editor, Compass: Political Religions http://www.religion-compass.com

The Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team

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Einsatzgruppen on Trial! Paul Blobel

2010-08-30T17:41:00.000-07:00

Paul Blobel

Affidavit for the IMT War Crimes Trial – Nuremburg

[Photos added to enhance the text]

I, Paul Blobel, declare, swear and depose:

Paul Blobel

I was born in Potsdam on 13 August 1894. I attended the grammar school and vocational school (Fortbildungsschule) in Remschiedt until 1912. Thereafter I served as an apprentice with a mason and carpenter and during the years 1912 and 1913 I attended the school of architecture in Wuppertal.

Until the outbreak of the First World War I worked as a carpenter. From 1914 to 1918 I served as an engineer at the front and was discharged in 1918 with the rank of Vizefeldwebel (staff sergeant).

Until 1919 I was unemployed and lived in Remschiedt. During the years 1919/1920 I attended again the school of architecture in Barmen. From 1921 to 1924 I worked for different firms and in 1924 I established myself as an independent architect in Solingen.

During the bad times in Germany, during the years 1928/1929 I did not get any orders and from 1930 to 1933 I was on unemployment relief in Solingen. After that time I was employed for office work with the city administration and stayed there until spring 1935.

Blobel as an SS officer

In June 1935 I came to the SD main sector Dusseldorf, where I remained until May 1941. Finally I was section leader for Dusseldorf. I was then assigned to the Reich Main Security Office in Berlin.

I became a member of the NSDAP on 1 December 1931, my membership number is 344662. Since January 1932 I have been a member of the SS, my membership number being 29100. I was further a member of the National Colonial League (Reichskolonialbund), Air Protection League (Luftschutzbund), National Socialist Public Welfare Association (NSV) and for a time I was a member of the Reich Association for Creative Arts (Reichsbund der Bildenden Kuenste).

My rank in the Allgemeine SS is Scharfuhrer, in the SD it has been, since 1940, Standartenfuhrer.

In June 1941 I became chief of the Sonderkommando 4A. This Sonderkommando was assigned to the Einsatzgruppe C, the latter was under the control of Dr. Dr. Rasch. The Einsatz area assigned to me was within the sphere of the 6^th Army, which was under the command of Feldmarschall von Reichenau.

In January 1942 I was removed from this post of chief of the Sonderkommando 4A and was transferred to Berlin for disciplinary reasons. There I had no assignment for a time. I was under the supervision of the office IV, under the former Gruppenfuhrer Mueller.

In the fall of 1942 I was assigned to go to the occupied Eastern Territories as Mueller’s deputy, and to wipe out the traces of the mass graves of people executed by the Einsatzgruppen. This was my task until summer of 1944.

Einsatzgruppen action at Sdolbunov in Oct 1942

After that I was transferred to the commander in Styria, and it was planned that I should work there as liaison officer between the Reich Main Security Office and the Gruppenfuhrer Roessner in the combat against the partisans. This task was, however, not assigned to me.

In December 1944 I got sick, and from February until April I was in a hospital in Marburg on the Drava. There I received the order to report in Berlin on 11 April 1945.

In April 1945 I reported to Kaltenbrunner and went to the area of Sazburg. Thus I escaped further orders. At the beginning of May 1945 I was captured, together with the unit, in Rastadt.

During the period of my service as chief of the Sonderkommando 4A, from the time of its organisation in June 1941 until January 1942, I was assigned, at various occasions, with the execution of Communists, saboteurs, Jews and other undesirable persons.

I can no longer remember the exact number of the executed persons. According to a superficial estimate – the correctness of which I cannot guarantee – I presume that the number of executions in which the Sonderkommando 4A took a part lies somewhere between 10,000 and 15,000.

Otto Rasch

I witnessed several mass executions, and in two cases I was ordered to direct the execution. In August or September 1941 an execution took place near Korosten. 700 to 1,000 men were shot, and Dr. Dr. Rasch was present at the execution.

I had divided my unit into a number of execution squads of 30 men each. First the subordinated police of the Ukrainian militia, the population and the members of the Sonderkommando seized the people, and mass graves were prepared.

Out of the total number of persons designated for the execution, 15 men were led in each case to the brink of the mass grave, where they had to kneel down, their faces turned toward the grave. At that time clothes and valuables were not yet collected. Later on this was changed.

The execution squads were composed of men of the Sonderkommando 4A, the militia and the police. Then the men were ready for the execution. One of my leaders who was in charge of this execution squad gave the order to shoot, since they were kneeling on the brink of the mass grave, the victims fell, as a rule, at once into the mass grave.

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Mass Murder of Lithuanian Jewry - Karl Jäger Report

2010-08-08T10:50:00.000-07:00

Mass Murder of Lithuanian Jewry - Karl Jäger Report

The Holocaust in Germany - Dortmund

2010-08-06T21:46:00.000-07:00

Dortmund

The City and the Holocaust

The city of Dortmund circa 1647

Dortmund a major city in Germany is located in Westphalia and records show that there were transient Jewish merchants present in the late 11th Century.

A Jewish settlement was established during the 13th Century with an organized community with a synagogue. A cemetery was opened outside the city walls in 1336 and in 1350 during the Black Death, the Jews were accused of poisoning wells, they were arrested and expelled under an agreement between the Count of the Mark and the municipality to divide up their property, some Jews did not survive this ordeal.

In 1372 the Jews were invited to return, so that the municipality might again benefit from their financial acumen, ten protected Jewish families were present by 1380 with Shimshon ben Shemuel of Dueren as their Rabbi. The Jewish population dropped with the decline of the city as a political and economic force and by the mid fifteenth century no Jews remained in the city.

Residence rights were again granted in 1543, but in 1596 the Jews were expelled, effectively signaling the end of a Jewish presence in Dortmund until the modern era.

Only after equal rights were accorded to the Jews in the Grand Duchy of Berg in 1808 were residence restrictions lifted and merchants and peddlers living in nearby villagers allowed to settle. In 1846, 38 Jewish families were living in difficult economic circumstances.

The synagogue in Dortmund circa 1913

In the middle 19th Century with the accelerated economic and demographic development of the city, the situation of the Jewish community improved and its population began to expand rapidly, reaching a figure of 1,942 out of a total of 142,733 in 1900.

A synagogue was built in the mid-19th Century and a new synagogue, one of the most beautiful in Germany, with a seating capacity of 1,200 was consecrated in 1900.

A Jewish elementary school was founded in 1840 by 1871 it had over one hundred students, which increased to 220 by 1910, when it became part of the public school system. Religious classes were provided for children attending non-Jewish schools and a Talmud torah with an enrolment of 50 was opened in 1916 under Orthodox auspices.

Agudat Israel became active in 1914, the Zionist group active in 1899 was the earliest in Westphalia. In 1907, 62% of the Jewish population were engaged in trade and transport services; 23% in crafts and industry; and 5.2% belonged to the free professions.

Jews took an active part in public life following emancipation, with three serving on the municipal council in 1910 and one serving as chairman of the local medical society.

In the late 19th Century Dortmund became a focus of anti-Semitic propaganda in Westphalia. The anti-Semitic Westfaelische Reform was published there from 1882, attacking Jewish merchants and inciting occasional mob violence.

In the Reichstag elections of 1890 the anti-Semites won 3% of the vote, but this anti-Semite faction all but practically disappeared by the end of the century.

Battalions of Nazi street fighters salute Hitler during an SA parade through Dortmund. Germany, 1933

Anti-Semitic outbursts were renewed after the First World War against a background of economic crisis, during the Great War many East European Jews settled in Dortmund, representing a third of the Jewish population in 1925 which had now increased to 3,820.

The established Jewish population comprised the middle class, mostly businessmen, but with some professionals, musicians, theatre people and artisans. The Jews from Eastern Europe constituted the lower class, living in slum neighborhoods and earning meager livelihoods in petty trade, peddling, and crafts.

It was they who strengthened the city’s Orthodox circles as well as the Zionist movement. Hebrew courses were offered from 1921 under Zionist auspices. The struggle for representation between the East European and German Jews created a public outcry echoed in the Jewish press throughout Germany, with the old guard accusing the Zionists of endangering the “patriotic German character” of the community.

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Artwork from the Holocaust

2010-07-11T06:28:00.000-07:00

Joseph Bau Holocaust Artwork

(H.E.A.R.T Exclusive)

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JB1 785 X 800 316 KB	JB10 560 X 704 164 KB	JB11 672 X 800 962 KB

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Franz Suchomel speaks about the Treblinka death camp

2010-07-01T08:54:00.000-07:00

Franz Suchomel speaks on Treblinka

Dusseldorf 14.9.1967

Present

Land Justice Commissioner as Investigating Judge
Employee of Justice Department as Records Clerk

Franz Suchomel

In the Preliminary Investigation of STANGL

The under mentioned witness appeared.

He was informed of the relevant law, cautioned and instructed.

He stated as to his identity:

My name is Franz Suchomel

My age is 59. I am a self employed master tailor living in Altotting, Muhldorfstrasse 61, at present in custody in Dusseldorf- Derendorf in connection with an investigation into a different matter.

I am not related to the accused either directly or through marriage.

As to the Case:

I went to Treblinka end of August 1942. Before that I was at the Welfare Institute Hadamar and occasionally worked in Berlin at T4. As I remember I came to Treblinka with Hirtreiter, Post, Loffler , Sydow and two people from Frankfurt, also with Matthes. One of the two Frankfurters could have been called Schuh, whose name has just been mentioned. I cannot remember the name of the other one. It was not Post.

Dr Irmfried Eberl

When I arrived in Treblinka Dr Eberl was still Commandant. I stayed in Treblinka until October 1943 when I was posted to Sobibor. I went several times on home leave from Treblinka. Once for the birth of my youngest daughter on the 18^th September 1942. Altogether there were four occasions when I had home leave from Treblinka.

From Sobibor I later went to Italy.

At the end of the war I was captured by the Americans but released as early as August 1945. Since 1949 I have lived in Alotting. I could of course not return to my home town of Krummau / Bohmerwald after the war.

Under Dr Eberl there was chaos in the camp. So many transports were arriving that it was impossible to deal with them. In my opinion, when these transports arrived two thirds of those transported were already dead. At that time I had to work on the ramp and I therefore know this accurately.

After I had been in Treblinka quite a short time, one night Wirth appeared there. He had a fierce argument with Dr Eberl. At that time my quarters and those of the other NCOs were in the Commandant’s hut and so I heard what was going on.

In the course of this dissension Wirth dismissed Dr Eberl.

Wirth then went off for a day and returned accompanied by a detail consisting of Germans and Ukrainians. In Warsaw he arranged for a three day break in the arrival of transports, and immediately commenced a total reorganisation of the camp.

Read more here: http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/trials/suchomelstatement.html

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Treblinka Death Camp Survivor

2010-06-16T11:23:00.000-07:00

Isadore Helfing

Treblinka Death Camp Survivor

Selected Extracts from USHMM Interview held on the 3 September 1992

[Photos added to enhance the text]

Isadore Helfing

Isadore Helfing was born to a Jewish family in Kielce, Poland. Germany invaded Poland in September 1939. Isadore and his family were forced into the Kielce ghetto, which was established in April 1941. When his parents were deported to the Treblinka extermination camp in 1942, Isadore went with them rather than remaining behind for forced labor.

After arrival at the camp, Isadore hid in a pile of bodies. His parents were killed. Isadore survived by working in the camp. On August 2, 1943, prisoners at Treblinka revolted and Isadore escaped. He was first taken in by a farmer, and then stayed with a partisan group until Soviet forces liberated the area.

Can you tell me what your transport and arrival at Treblinka was like?

It was mostly from my, from my hometown. Was picked up in those, in those trains you know where they transfer cattle, stuff like that. Yeah.

Describe what it was like when they opened the doors. What you saw and how you felt and what you did?

The minute they opened up the door, I was facing right about two storeys dead people right in front of it laying there. These were the people that came before dead right in the trains, in those uh trains, and they pushed them out because they did, they didn’t have time to haul away because another train came in, and that’s what it was, that I saw.

And what did you do?

What I did, I saw it, we’re going all, that’s it, and I see boys dragging dead bodies to the grave you know, and I jumped right in and start dragging those bodies just like I was one of them.

And we’re pulling it to the graves. And uh so this was about three or four o’clock and you know and then the night rolls around and I could not join them, so I hide, I was hiding myself between the bodies there, so.

And then in the morning, I did start doing the same thing, but I see in that they count fifty people dragging those bodies in this particular time, and two or three were killed, they, they shoot them because they couldn’t uh drag those bodies, got sick and so on.

So I joined right into the group, and I became one of the people. So like in the morning they came you know, and they count out the people, how many people there were right among the people there. If somebody is missing so they were looking what’s happened you know, maybe he escaped or something.

So you actually broke into ……

Broken right into the… to the crew, like I am one of it. Everybody was wearing the same, the same clothes, like they were, when they came in.

Now describe in detail, if you remember it, how Treblinka was laid out?

The way it’s laid out?

Well, we, they make you go, the people in a little alley go and they say, “Man at right, woman at the left,” and over there they had to take off the clothes, and they pushed them right into the gate, and while they’re coming to the gate, they come this way and they join together, and they just went, that time I didn’t know where they go, but then they went to the gas chambers, all together.

Photo of ruined bakery also shows stables - taken by Russian forces summer 1944

What was the camp like? Tell me about the buildings, how big it was, where you slept, tell me how everything was?

We slept in a building just like a barrack, you know. Was sandy floor, and that’s the way we were sleeping there in those barracks. This was in the beginning, the first two months when I was there. Later they built, you know a barracks, where you can sleep like a, they call this bunks.

Bunks?

Yeah

Tell me how the whole camp was, how many buildings there were, how big it was, where the gas chambers were, describe to me?

The gas, the gas chambers were about ………….
That was the size of a single garage, something like that. A garage- like that...

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Images of the Action Reinhard Labour Camps

2010-05-20T07:23:00.000-07:00

Labour Camps – Belzec , Sobibor and Treblinka

Modern Images

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Adampol houses 800 X 543 74 KB	Adampol monument 799 X 546 114 KB	Adampol 800 X 548 59 KB	Belzec labour camp 800 X 543 79 KB

Bunker near Treblinka 1 800 X 541 97 KB	Ciechanow Synagogue 1 800 X 554 94 KB	Ciechanow Synagogue 2 800 X 543 80 KB	Treblinka - black road 800 X 541 71 KB

Treblinka 1 - stairs 527 X 800 110 KB	Treblinka 1 barracks found 800 X 560 76 KB	Treblinka 1 found 4 799 X 552 88 KB	Treblinka 1 foundations 1 800 X 569 109 KB

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Holocaust Euthanasia - Grafeneck!

2010-05-14T13:03:00.000-07:00

Grafeneck Euthanasia Centre

Grafeneck Castle in 1940

Situated on a hill near Marbach in the Münsingen district, Grafeneck Castle was built between 1556 and 1560. Between1762-1772, Duke Karl Eugen converted the castle to a more contemporary style. In 1929 a Samaritan foundation in Stuttgart took over the building to serve as a hospice for invalids.

Early in October 1939, Dr Herbert Linden of the Health Ministry visited Eugen Stähle, the official in the Württemberg Ministry of Interior responsible for health care, and asked for Stähle’s cooperation in finding a relatively small institution "to implement euthanasia"; Stähle offered Grafeneck, and on 14 October 1939 Grafeneck Castle was duly confiscated. 10-15 manual labourers from nearby villages began to convert the castle into a killing centre.

A short distance from the castle several barracks were built, fenced in with a hoarding up to 4m high. An additional 5m screen hid the gas chamber and crematorium. On the first floor of the castle the required amenities were installed; accommodation and offices for doctors, a registry office, a police office, an office for the letters of condolence, and various other departments. Quarters for personnel were on the second floor.

The main building of the killing facility was a barrack (68 m long and 7 m wide), which included several rooms. In one of them 100 beds were placed, covered with straw mattresses. A wooden barrack served as the reception centre for arriving patients. Next to it, an old coach house was converted to accommodate the gas chamber; it was disguised as a shower room with showerheads and wooden benches. At first, the chamber had the capacity to gas 40-50 persons at one time; later it was enlarged to hold 75 victims. A small room adjacent to the chamber contained the valves to activate the gassing process.

The dining hall and staff at Grafeneck

A small window permitted the physician to observe the chamber while he turned the valve. Three buses for the transportation of the victims and an ambulance car stood in a wooden garage. Two mobile oil-fuelled cremation ovens were located in another wooden barrack. Because of the immense heat generated by the round-the-clock cremations, the roof of this barrack was removed, and after a short time the surrounding trees were blackened from the noxious smoke and fumes emitted by the ovens. A former horse stable (circular and 15m in diameter) probably served as a mortuary. At the bottom of the hill, at the access road, a high hoarding and a guardhouse were built. Fences with barbed wire surrounded the whole castle, whilst armed guards with dogs patrolled the perimeter, which bore notices carrying the warning “Danger of Infection.”

In mid-November 1939, SS men, typists and other personnel arrived and were supplemented during early January 1940 by approximately 25 male and female nurses. In mid-January the cremation ovens were delivered. On 18 January 1940 the first transport of 25 handicapped men arrived from Eglfing-Haar near Munich, accompanied by the Grafeneck physician-in-chief, Dr Horst Schumann. He had joined the Nazi Part and SA in 1930, and T4 in early October 1939 after a meeting with Viktor Brack in Hitler's chancellery (KdF).

In early summer of 1940 Schumann was ordered to the Sonnenstein euthanasia centre. His successor at Grafeneck was Dr Ernst Baumhardt, who was succeeded in turn by Dr Günther Hennecke. The chief administrator was the monstrous Christian Wirth, a detective superintendent and SS-Obersturmführer, who supervised the first gassings at Grafeneck and later was to become the organizer of Aktion Reinhard.

A former nurse described a transport from her hospital to Grafeneck:

Gas chamber at Grafeneck

"The evening before the transport was due, we received a list with the names of the patients who were to be picked up. Early in the morning, the buses drove up; the windows were painted gray up to the top. The patients received a slip of paper with a number. Then they filed by one by one, and we wrote the number on their bare back in ink. Because they thought that we were going to transfer them to another institution, they were generally quite calm. Indeed, they did not know what was going to happen to them. Then they were led into the bus... A few weeks later their clothes were sent back from Grafeneck."

A former male nurse testified about the gassing procedure at Grafeneck:

“I don’t know how long the physician let the gas flow and take effect. I only know that it was according to a precise rule which I am not acquainted with. The doors were opened and the ventilation turned on by one of the male nurses who had seen to locking up the interior. After half an hour or an hour perhaps, I can’t say exactly, these male nurses received the order from the physician to open the doors and turn on the ventilation…. In the beginning it was the physician, wearing a gas mask, who opened the doors… The gas chamber would be left open for a certain time to allow fresh air to circulate. I don’t know now if it was one or two hours. The oven crew was also responsible for transporting the corpses from the gas chamber to the oven.”

Read more here: http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/euthan/grefeneck.html

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About the HolocaustResearchProject !

2010-05-06T12:17:00.000-07:00

H.E.A.R.T -Who We Are

The Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team was founded by Carmelo Lisciotto and Chris Webb on October 8^th, 2006.

The aim of H.E.A.R.T is to inform and educate people about the Holocaust and the extermination programs conducted by the Nazi regime throughout Europe during the Second World War.

H.E.A.R.T research and material is contributed from a group of independent Holocaust researchers who devote their spare time to research for the production of this website and other forms of related publications, such as leaflets and books.

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